Theintroduction ofDomainAdaptation (DA)techniquesaims to mitigate such performance drop when a trained agent encounters a different environment. By bridging the distribution gap between source and target domains, DA methods have shown their effect in many cross-domain tasks such as classification [27, 18], segmentation [19, 22, 23] and detection[3].

Owing to advancements in image synthesis techniques, stylization methodologies for large models have garnered remarkable outcomes. However, when it comes to processing facial images, the outcomes frequently fall short of expectations. Facial stylization is predominantly challenged by two significant hurdles. Firstly, obtaining a large dataset of high-quality stylized images is difficult. The scarcity and diversity of artistic styles make it impractical to compile comprehensive datasets for each style.

Styled handwriting generation aims to synthesize handwritten text that looks both realistic and aligned with a specific writer's style. While recent approaches involving GAN, transformer and diffusion-based models have made progress, they often struggle to capture the full spectrum of writer-specific attributes, particularly global stylistic patterns that span long-range spatial dependencies. As a result, capturing subtle writer-specific traits such as consistent slant, curvature or stroke pressure, while keeping the generated text accurate is still an open problem. In this work, we present a unified framework designed to address these limitations. We introduce a Vision Transformer-based style encoder that learns global stylistic patterns from multiple reference images, allowing the model to better represent long-range structural characteristics of handwriting. We then integrate these style cues with the target text using a cross-attention mechanism, enabling the system to produce handwritten images that more faithfully reflect the intended style. To make the process more interpretable, we utilize Salient Stroke Attention Analysis (SSAA), which reveals the stroke-level features the model focuses on during style transfer. Together, these components lead to handwriting synthesis that is not only more stylistically coherent, but also easier to understand and analyze.

Universal style transfer aims to transfer arbitrary visual styles to content images.

Firstly, obtaining a large dataset of high-quality stylized images is difficult.

Visual text design plays a critical role in conveying themes, emotions, and atmospheres in multimodal formats such as film posters and album covers.

Visual stylization has been a very popular research area in recent times.